Future of Islamic Finance

Future of Islamic Finance
Dr. Mohammad Nejatullah Siddiqi
Presented at the conference on: Leadership in Global Finance-the Emerging Islamic Horizon, organized by INCEIF
August, 2007

"Before I proceed to talk about Islamic finance in some detail, I must caution against a possible misunderstanding. The shift from individualistic amoral capitalism towards a morally oriented, socially conscious and consulting approach to economic activity that I am envisaging would not and should not come at the cost of freedom. It is not to be imposed from above by the Social Authority. I am not for dirigisme. I envisage internalization of moral values leading to a quest for balance. I also believe the ground for such internalization is prepared by spirituality."

Future of Islamic Finance

Islamic Finance in Europe

Islamic Finance in Europe
Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies
RSCAS Policy Papers
Prof. Rodney Wilson
February 2007

Islamic Finance in Europe

Case Study: Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Islamic Banking in Bangladesh: Achievements & Challenges
Abdul Awwal Sarker
IBTRA
2005

Abstract: "For a continued expansion of the Islamic Banking system, however, a number of issues that pose serious problems for Islamic banks will need to be carefully addressed. This paper discusses and makes recommendations on the more pertinent of these issues, viz., the development of an Inter-Bank Islamic Money Market, activation of Shariah Supervisory Boards, enactment of a full-fledged Islamic Banking Act, development of New Financial Products in line with the Islamic Shariah, and extension of investment in line with PLS framework, especially by constituting consortium or syndication by the Islamic banks. The paper suggests that micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) should get priority in the investment decisions of the Islamic banks."

Case Study: Islamic Banking in Bangladesh

Islamic Insurance and Reinsurance: Theory and Practice

Islamic Insurance and Reinsurance: Theory and Practice
Dr. Ahmed Salem Mulhim, PhD in Comparative Jurisprudence, Jordan University
Ahmed Mohammed Sabbagh, General Manager, The Islamic Insurance Company, Jordan
Al Baraka Center for Islamic Economics

Islamic Insurance and Reinsurance: Theory and Practice

ICM Quarterly Bulletin - June 2010

Malaysian ICM Quarterly Bulletin
Securities Commission Malaysia
June 2010 Vol. 5 No. 2

The latest issue of the Malaysian ICM quarterly bulletin is here, published by the Securities Commission Malaysia (SC).  Among the featured content you will find an interesting article on the Social Dimension of Islamic Finance as well as a piece on Sukuk best practices. This and previous issues of the bulletin are available on their online archive here.

ICM Quarterly Bulletin - June 2010

Islamic Banking and Its Potential Impact

Risk Management : Islamic Financial Policies

Islamic Banking and Its Potential Impact
Thomas A. Timberg
Nathan Associates, Inc.

"Indonesia, with the world’s largest population of Muslims, has come to Islamic or shariah banking fairly late. Many of Indonesia’s Muslim leaders do not believe that commercial interest in its modern form is prohibited, although others do. After some false starts, Islamic financial institutions are developing rapidly and have the enthusiastic support of many young people and intellectuals. The work of the Shariah Bureau of Bank Indonesia demonstrates that Indonesia, especially in particular parts of the country, has considerable unmet demand for Islamic banking."

Islamic Banking and Its Potential Impact

The Compatibility of Islamic Financial Services and Microfinance

The Compatibility of Islamic Financial Services and Microfinance: A Little-Explored Avenue for Expanding Outreach
By Dahlia El Hawary, Consultant, Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department, and
Wafik Grais, Senior Advisor, Financial Sector Vice Presidency
World Bank

The Compatibility of Islamic Financial Services and Microfinance

Islamic Finance: Overview and Policy Concerns

Islamic Finance: Overview and Policy Concerns
Congressional Research Service
Shayerah Ilias
February 2009

Islamic Finance: Overview and Policy Concerns

Islamic Finance News Needs to Catch Up

Islamic Finance News Needs to Catch Up
By Rushdi Siddiqui
September 12, 2010

"The act of turning a press release into an article, and keeping to the soft questioning of executives, does not benefit the industry."

Islamic Finance News Needs to Catch Up

Corporate Governance in Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services

Corporate Governance in Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services - Issues and Options
Wafik Grais and Matteo Pellegrini
World Bank

Abstract: "This paper reviews Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services (IIFS) corporate governance (CG) challenges and suggests options to address them. It first points out the importance of CG for IIFS, where it would require a distinct treatment from convention CG and highlights three cases of distress of IIFS. It then dwells on prevailing CG arrangements addressing IIFS’ needs to ensure the consistency of their operations with Islamic finance principles and the protection of the financial interests of a stakeholders’ category, namely depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. It raises the issues of independence, confidentiality, competence, consistency and disclosure that may bear on pronouncements of consistency with Islamic finance principles. It also discusses the agency problem of depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. The paper argues for a governance framework that combines internal and external arrangements and relies significantly on transparency and disclosure of market relevant information."

Corporate Governance in Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services

A Primer on Islamic Finance: Definitions, Sources, Principles and Methods

A Primer on Islamic Finance: Definitions, Sources, Principles and Methods
A. Gait and A. C. Worthington
University of Wollongong
Year 2007

"Islamic finance is one of the most rapidly growing segments of the global financial system. However, despite the increasing importance of Islamic finance, particularly in developing economies in the Middle East and South-East Asia, religious and social complexity has acted against a fuller understanding by regulators, policymakers, researchers and practitioners. This paper provides a succinct and accessible analysis of the definition, sources, principles and methods of Islamic finance. This serves as a suitable starting point for further work into Islamic finance and many of the pressing regulatory, supervisory and competitive issues that remain as yet unaddressed."

A Primer on Islamic Finance: Definitions, Sources, Principles and Methods

Opalesque Islamic Finance Intelligence - Eleventh Issue

Welcome to the eleventh issue of Opalesque Islamic Finance Intelligence (download PDF version), we bring together a wide range of content that we hope you will find both timely and relevant. This month's edition explores a recurring theme, that of crossovers and frictions that are generated between the worlds of Islamic finance and traditional finance. Recent events have only reminded us of this delicate balance. We might be tempted to think that Islamic finance operates on a standalone basis, alien to the mechanics of mainstream finance (and media) and immune to the ebbs and flows of capital markets (and public perception). However, the reality is that every bank, product and service in the former exists (and co-exists) in the realm of the latter. We explore the implications across this issue.

Our editorial note discusses the interactions between Muslims and non-Muslims in the Islamic finance industry, an often taboo subject but a blatantly obvious one. We also showcase the various published standards from the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) in the Featured Resource segment, arguably the most transparent and comprehensive set of prudential documentation available for the industry.

The Featured Structure section sees Nikan scrutinizing structured products as they make the journey from the turbulent waters of traditional finance to the shores of Islamic finance, with a specific focus on rolled Murabaha contracts. Lex Islamicus profiles the study by Mohammed Khnifer on the bankruptcy proceedings relating to the East Cameron Gas sukuk and the sukuk-holders priority claim on the underlying assets post-default. In addition, Toby Birch and Shahzad Siddiqui share their analysis of integrating Islamic private equity with a physical commodity component in our Allocator Interview.

The Opinion Column welcomes Rushdi Siddiqui as he shares his point of view on the proposed Muslim community center in lower Manhattan. Furthermore, the Industry Snapshot section hears from Mobasher Zein as he has explores Islamic mutual funds and recent trends as the industry awakens from the aftermath of the global financial crisis.

As always, we are keen to hear your comments & suggestions and remember that you can visit our online archive (see reference link) for access to our ever-growing databank of Opalesque Islamic Finance Briefing as well as all of the back issues of Opalesque Islamic Finance Intelligence.

Download the complete issue of Opalesque Islamic Finance Intelligence here.

Alternatively you can read each article separately in the OIFI Archive:
Editor’s Note: The Conquest of Kafiristan
Featured Resource: IFSB - Published Standards
Featured Structure: Shariah Compliant Structured Product: Consecutive or Rolled Murabaha
Lex Islamicus: When Sukuk Default - Asset Priority of Certificate-holders vis a vis Creditors
Allocator Interview: Gold Bullion and Islamic Private Equity: Protection and Production
Opinion Column: From a Mosque to a Museum
Industry Snapshot: A Study of Islamic Mutual Funds

Opalesque Islamic Finance Intelligence - Eleventh Issue

Meeting fatigue in Islamic finance

Meeting fatigue in Islamic finance
By Rushdi Siddiqui
August 29, 2010

"One of the silver linings from the dark cloud of the credit crisis is, thankfully, fewer Islamic finance conferences..."

Meeting fatigue in Islamic finance

Towards a Theory of Islamic Financial Reporting

Towards a Theory of Islamic Financial Reporting
Anaf Masood, The Boston Consulting Group and
Mohammad Iqbal Tahir, GIFT Business School
January 2008

"This paper has two major streams. It seeks to devise an entity that will allow Muslims to raise the necessary finance to conduct large-scale commerce. Simultaneously, it presents ideas for a reporting scheme that suits this new structure. The need for a connection between the business form and its disclosure scheme is illustrated by reviewing the results of the attempts by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financials Institutions (AAOIFI) at setting accounting standards for a Mudaraba, a uniquely Islamic enterprise. The position of the Western corporation in Islamic law is then examined. It is found that Islam can only accept a separate legal entity that has unlimited liability. To overcome this constraint, a corporate structure that primarily channels investment through Islamic financial institutions is proposed.

The paper also identifies the quality and type of disclosures that any Islamic entity will need to make and then applies these criteria to create a reporting system for the proposed Islamic company. Among the central requirements, apart from financial information, are Zakat and Shariah compliance. It is pointed out in the paper that the proposed Islamic structure promotes a scheme of shareholder-regulated disclosure that can be used to achieve the necessary reporting standards. Even Shariah compliance can be handled for the most part internally through the Islamic bank's Shariah Supervisory Boards. It is, however, felt that Zakat is best policed by an independent agency, which would selectively audit returns submitted by the company. This method also has the advantage of accommodating the as yet unresolved difference about whether Zakat is a personal obligation or one owed by the corporate entity. Through the ideas contained in this paper, Muslims should be able to share in the benefits of modern, large-scale commerce without having to compromise their religious teachings."

Towards a Theory of Islamic Financial Reporting

Islamic Banking: How Has it Diffused?

Islamic Banking: How Has it Diffused?
IMF Working Paper - African Department
Imam, Patrick A. and Kpodar, Kangni
August 2010

Summary: "This paper investigates the determinants of the pattern of Islamic bank diffusion around the world using country-level data for 1992 - 2006. The analysis illustrates that income per capita, share of Muslims in the population and status as an oil producer are linked to the development of Islamic banking, as are economic integration with Middle Eastern countries and proximity to Islamic financial centers. Interest rates have a negative impact on Islamic banking, reflecting the implicit benchmark for Islamic banks. The quality of institutions does not matter, probably because the often higher hurdle set by Shariah law trumps the quality of local institutions in most countries. The 9/11 attacks were not important to the diffusion of Islamic banking; but they coincided with rising oil prices, which are a significant factor in the diffusion of Islamic banking. Islamic banks also appear to be complements to, rather than substitutes for, conventional banks."

Islamic Banking: How Has it Diffused?

London – the European hub for Islamic finance

London – the European hub for Islamic finance
by Gillian Walmsley
London Stock Exchange

"As the profile of Islamic finance continues to grow and with current market conditions highlighting the resilience of some features of the Islamic market model, several financial centres are becoming alive to the possibilities for fostering Islamic finance and attracting new investors to their markets".

London – the European hub for Islamic finance

Analysis of Stock Screening Principles in Islamic Mutual Funds Industry

Analysis of Stock Screening Principles in Islamic Mutual Funds Industry
Salman Ahmed Shaikh MS
Lecturer, University of East, Pakistan
January 2010

"There are certain principles that need to be followed to become shariah compliant. This paper will discuss how a company can become a shariah compliant KMI-30 company by using economic models and established deductive knowledge in Economic, Finance and Portfolio theory".

Analysis of Stock Screening Principles in Islamic Mutual Funds Industry

Islamic Banking and Finance: Fundamentals and Contemporary Issues

Islamic Banking and Finance: Fundamentals and Contemporary Issues
IRTI Seminar Proceedings
Salman Syed Ali, Ausaf Ahmad
2007

The paper "deals with the fundamentals of and the issues faced by Islamic finance at the theoretical level. It addresses various contemporary issues empirically and discusses some legal issues in the practice of Islamic banking and finance."

Islamic Banking and Finance: Fundamentals and Contemporary Issues

Islamic Finance: Growth and Prospects in Singapore

Islamic Finance: Growth and Prospects in Singapore
Habibullah Khan & Omar K. M. R. Bashar
U21Global
June 2008

Abstract: "Islamic finance has been growing rapidly since its launch in the 1970s. The major market for this industry is typically the Middle East and it is gaining popularity in the UK, USA and Southeast Asia. Malaysia is the leading Islamic finance industry in Southeast Asia while its neighbor Singapore is relatively a new market player. Singapore revised its regulatory framework and tax structure and gradually introduced various Shariah-compliant financial products in the last couple of years. This paper argues that despite having small domestic market and competition from Malaysia, Singapore can still position itself in a niche market in the region. Through its strategy of integrated financial and economic development, Singapore can create new opportunities for Islamic finance and related financial products in the region."

Islamic Finance: Growth and Prospects in Singapore

Case Study: Pilgrims Management & Fund Board

Towards Islamic Banking: A Case Study of Pilgrims Management & Fund Board, Malaysia
Khalid Rahman
Director Institute of Policy Studies
Islamabad, Pakistan

"Experiments have been undertaken all over the world and may prove helpful in overcoming our inhibition after removing unjustified apprehensions. The task has become all the more important particularly in the context of recent Supreme Court Shariat Appellate Bench Judgment since this will help make a whole hearted beginning. This, however, requires studying in detail the institutions claiming to be operating on interest-free basis, focusing particularly on the level of success they have achieved, compatibility with Shari’ah in their working and impact on society."

Case Study: Pilgrims Management & Fund Board

The Changing Face of Islamic Banking

The Changing Face of Islamic Banking
by Professor Sudin Haron
KLBS - Working Paper Series 011
November 2007

Abstract: "more and more parties have joined the bandwagon including non-Muslim institutions. This development has created a new dimension in Islamic banking system. Initially, Islamic banks were seen as institutions that operate based on religious doctrine. Today, many proponents believed that this doctrine is no longer applied by Islamic financial institutions. Majority appears to regard Islamic bank as a normal business entity with a profit maximization principle."

The Changing Face of Islamic Banking

Can Banks Survive without Interest?

Can Banks Survive without Interest?
By Muhammad Ayub
Senior Joint Director, Islamic Banking Department
State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi

Can Banks Survive without Interest?

Derivatives in Islamic Finance

Derivatives in Islamic Finance
Andreas A. Jobst
International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Monetary and Capital Markets Department (MCM)
Islamic Economic Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1
August 2007

Abstract: Despite their importance for financial sector development, derivatives are few and far between in countries where the compatibility of capital market transactions with Islamic law requires the development of shariah-compliant structures. Islamic finance is governed by the shariah, which bans speculation, but stipulates that income must be derived as profits from shared business risk rather than interest or guaranteed return. This paper explains the fundamental legal principles of Islamic finance, which includes the presentation of a valuation model that helps illustrate the shariah-compliant synthetication of conventional finance through an implicit derivative arrangement. Based on the current use of accepted risk transfer mechanisms in Islamic structured finance, the paper explore the validity of derivatives from an Islamic legal point of view and summarizes the key objections of shariah scholars that challenge the permissibility of derivatives under Islamic law. In conclusion, the paper delivers suggestions for shariah compliance of derivatives.

Derivatives in Islamic Finance

Islamic Finance: Debt versus Equity Financing in the Light of Maqasid al-Shari'ah

Islamic Finance: Debt versus Equity Financing in the Light of Maqasid al-Shari'ah
Eddy Yusof, Ezry Fahmy, Kashoogie, Jhordy and Anwar Kamal, Asim

International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)
April 2009

Abstract: "A hot topic among Islamic economists is the debt versus equity debate. Which of the two are more in line with justice and equality? Which of them is more productive in fulfilling the greater objectives of the Shariah? This paper is divided into sections. After the introduction, it is followed by problem statement as well as objective of the study. After that, section 4 briefs the research questions for answering the analysis in this paper. Section 5 deals with discussion obtained from literature review whichhighlights important issues regarding Maqasid Al-Shari’ah in term of justice and equality vis-àvis the current practice as well as ideal model of Islamic banking and finance. Finally, this paper ends up with conclusion."

Islamic Finance: Debt versus Equity Financing in the Light of Maqasid al-Shari'ah

Commodity murabaha: does it violate Islamic norms? Note

Commodity murabaha: does it violate Islamic norms? Note
Hasan, Zubair (November 2008)
INCEIF

Abstract: "Recently commodity murabaha has run into disrepute due to court decisions going against the use of this instrument in Islamic banks. This brief note argues that at fault has been the structure of contracts and the excessive use of the instrument. In principle, commodity murabaha is doubtless rooted deep in the Islamic Shari’ah."

Commodity murabaha: does it violate Islamic norms? Note

Opalesque Islamic Finance Intelligence - Tenth Issue

Islamic finance is riddled with dichotomies, it is almost natural to approach it in terms of good and bad, right and wrong, halal and haram. The reality however is sometimes not as clear cut, and we explore many of these dichotomies (and some of the ensuing gray areas) in this the tenth issue of Opalesque Islamic Finance Intelligence (download the PDF version). To start off our editorial note surveys a variety of research taken from the conventional finance world and how this relates to Islamic finance. This is promptly followed by our Featured Resource, which lists several of these academic studies.

We welcome Mohammed Amin in our Featured Structure section as he shares a descriptive analysis of takaful and how it differs with conventional insurance. Similarly, Lex Islamicus hears from Marjan Muhammad and Hakimah Yaacob, from the International Shari’ah Research Academy (ISRA), as they scrutinize the application of Ibra' and whether it should remain discretionary or mandatory in contractual agreements.

The Kulliyyah Korner profiles the work from Mobasher Zein as he has explored various areas of Islamic finance (from sukuk to hedge funds), whereas Joy Abdullah provides food for thought in the Islamic Window segment by looking into how Islamic values can be brought into the branding of Islamic banks and their products.

Blake Goud takes on our Opinion Column with his analysis of the recent publication by Zaid Ibrahim & Co entitled "Demystifying Islamic Finance" and the various issues that this publications tackles. Last but not least, our Industry Snapshot section has Omar Clark Fisher delving into corporate governance issues faced by the takaful industry.

As always, we are keen to hear your comments & suggestions and remember that you can visit our online archive (see reference link) for access to our ever-growing databank of Opalesque Islamic Finance Briefing as well as all of the back issues of Opalesque Islamic Finance Intelligence.

Download the complete issue of Opalesque Islamic Finance Intelligence here.

Alternatively you can read each article separately in the OIFI Archive:
Editor’s Note: Conventional Wisdom
Featured Resource: Conventional Wisdom - ESG/SRI Research
Featured Structure: How Conventional Insurance and Takaful Differ Numerically
Lex Islamicus: Ibra’: Should it be Discreationary?
Kulliyyah Korner: A Study of Islamic Finance: Searching for a New Path
The Islamic Window: Young but Disconnected
Industry Snapshot: Alignment of Corporate Governance and Company Performance: A Focus on Takaful
Opinion Column: Zaid Ibrahim Report on Islamic Finance

Opalesque Islamic Finance Intelligence - Tenth Issue

An Analysis of the Role and Competency of the Shari'ah Committees (SCs) of Islamic Banks and Financial Service Providers

An Analysis of the Role and Competency of the Shari'ah Committees (SCs) of Islamic Banks and Financial Service Providers
Dr. Rusni & Reasearch team
ISRA Research Paper (No. 18/2010)

Abstract: "IFSB’s Guiding Principles on Shari'ah Governance Systems for Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services defines “Shari'ah governance system” as the set of institutional and organisational arrangements through which an institution offering Islamic financial services oversees Shari'ah compliance, i.e., that Islamic banking products and operations are in accord with Shari'ah principles. This requires the establishment of a Shari'ah advisory board. The Shari'ah governance of Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) in Malaysia consists of two components: the Shari'ah apex body, which is the Shari'ah Advisory Council (SAC) established by the Commission, and the Shari'ah advisors appointed by the respective institutions (Shari'ah Committees). Their roles are directing, reviewing, supervising and approving or rejecting the activities of IFIs in order to ensure compliance with Shari'ah rules and principles. The extent to which Islamic banks comply with Shari'ah principles is, to a great extent, determined by the role of such boards. Consequently, this body needs sufficient authority to enable its members to perform their functions effectively. However, many issues have arisen about the role and competency of Shari'ah advisors. This research aims to examine the current practice of Shari'ah advisory in Malaysia from the perspectives of advisors, bankers and regulators. The research focuses on the roles and functions practically played by the Shari'ah advisors and the IFIs’ expectations of them. Problems faced by the Shari'ah advisors, bankers and regulators need to be specifically identified so that measures to bridge the gaps between them may be proposed. This will ensure a harmonious relationship between all stakeholders as well as ensuring that the dayto-day running of IFIs will be compliant with Islamic law."

An Analysis of the Role and Competency of the Shari'ah Committees (SCs) of Islamic Banks and Financial Service Providers

Guidelines on the Governance of Shariah Committee for the Islamic Financial Institutions

Guidelines on the Governance of Shariah Committee for the Islamic Financial Institutions (BNM GPS1)

Bank Negara Malaysia
December 2004

These Guidelines aim at achieving the following:
(a) to set out the rules, regulations and procedures in the establishment of a Shariah Committee;
(b) to define the role, scope of duties and responsibilities of a Shariah Committee; and
(c) to define relationship and working arrangement between a Shariah Committee and the SAC of Bank Negara Malaysia.

Guidelines on the Governance of Shariah Committee for the Islamic Financial Institutions

Islamic Mutual Funds as Faith-Based Funds in a Socially Responsible Context

Islamic Mutual Funds as Faith-Based Funds in a Socially Responsible Context
Gianfranco Forte, Bocconi University
Federica Miglietta, Bocconi University
August 2007

Abstract: "Defining social investing and its boundaries is a challenging task. Since the religious beginning of ethical investments, many overlapping investment styles have been grouped into the bucket of socially responsible investments, or SRI. This includes, for instance, faith-based investments. In this paper we study the underlying principles of SRI and Islamic funds as investment classes, and try to determine whether Islamic mutual funds, as faith-based investments, can be included into the category of socially responsible mutual funds, or if they exhibit distinguishing characteristics that indicate that they would be more fittingly grouped in a separate investment family. We address the question from both a qualitative and quantitative point of view. Comparing ideas, ratios and investment styles underlying SRI and comparing them to Islamic portfolios, we identify the potential inconsistencies related to some of the investment decisions. Together with a qualitative assessment of the differences and similarities, we discuss, in the quantitative section of our study, the different sector and country composition of two generic portfolios, SRI and Islamic (proxied by relevant European indices), derived from the application of the investment screens. In addition, through a cointegration analysis on FTSE indices, we show that FTSE Islamic, exhibits peculiar and interesting portfolios' differences in terms of econometric profile, compared to conventional and SRI indices. This paper attempts to unify the studies regarding SRI, with the available studies on Islamic investments. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first time that SRI and Islamic indices are analysed and compared."

Islamic Mutual Funds as Faith-Based Funds in a Socially Responsible Context

Internationalization of Islamic Financial Institutions: Challenges and Paths to Solution

Internationalization of Islamic Financial Institutions: Challenges and Paths to Solution
Samy Nathan Garas
Al Baraka Center for Islamic Economics

Abstract: "The Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) have witnessed a significant growth recently and become a new player in banking industry. As IFIs move towards the international markets, they confront several challenges on internal and external levels. Internally, IFIs still have limited recognition by investors, marginal contribution to the macro economy and limited customer service. Externally, IFIs have lack of communication with other players in the financial markets. Their products are not totally promoted to the international investors and their system is not completely regulated and recognized by central banks. This paper will address these challenges and provide a conceptual framework of solutions."

Internationalization of Islamic Financial Institutions: Challenges and Paths to Solution

The Nature of Infaq and its Effects on Distribution of Wealth

The Nature of Infaq and its Effects on Distribution of Wealth
Aziz, Farooq, Mahmud, Muhammad and Karim, Emadul (December 2008)
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology,
Karachi Campus, Karachi, Pakistan, Khadam Ali Shah
Bukhari Institute of Technology (KASBIT)

Abstract: "Infaq is one of the basic terms of Quran, which is used in Quran, at almost sixty places. It is basically pious spending in the way of Allah. It has a significant importance in Islamic economic principles, with reference to redistribution of wealth and elimination of poverty. At different places Quran has described its different aspects, e.g. its need, conditions, ways and monetary and non monetary results. It is used by holy prophet, Peace be upon him (P.B.U.H) at different occasions to fulfill the needs of individuals and society as well. In order to ensure the better distribution of wealth which is the need of time, it is necessary to follow the orders of Infaq as given in Quran, and also the guidelines provided by holy prophet P.B.U.H., therefore, the basic objective of this paper is to analyze the role of these spending particularly infaq as a tool of equitable income distribution in an Islamic society."

The Nature of Infaq and its Effects on Distribution of Wealth

Case Study: Farmers Commercial Bank

Risk Management: Islamic Financial Policies
Case Study of Farmers’ Commercial Bank

Ahmed Gaber

Farmer’s Commercial Bank

Case Study: Farmers Commercial Bank

Islamic Financial Institutions and Products in the Global Financial System: Key Issues in Risk Management and Challenges Ahead

Islamic Financial Institutions and Products in the Global Financial System: Key Issues in Risk Management and Challenges Ahead
IMF - Monetary and Exchange Affairs Department
V. Sundararajan and Luca Errico
2002

Summary: "The provision and use of financial services and products that conform to Islamic religious principles pose special challenges for the identification, measurement, monitoring, and control of underlying risks. Effective and efficient risk management in Islamic financial institutions has assumed particular importance as they endeavor to cope with the challenges of globalization. This requires the development of not only a more suitable regulatory framework, but also new financial instruments and institutional arrangements to provide an enabling operational environment for Islamic finance. The recent establishment of the Islamic Financial Services Board, facilitated by the IMF, addresses these needs."

Islamic Financial Institutions and Products in the Global Financial System: Key Issues in Risk Management and Challenges Ahead

Determinants of Islamic and Conventional Deposits in the Malaysian Banking System

Determinants of Islamic and Conventional Deposits in the Malaysian Banking System

by Professor Sudin Haron and Dr Wan Nusofiza Wan Azmi

KLBS - Working Paper Series 007

June 2005

Determinants of Islamic and Conventional Deposits in the Malaysian Banking System

Interest, Mark up and Time Value of Money

Interest, Mark up and Time Value of Money
By Muhammad Ayub
Senior Joint Director, Islamic Banking Department
State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi

Interest, Mark up and Time Value of Money

A Capital Adequacy Framework for Islamic Banks

A Capital Adequacy Framework for Islamic Banks: The Need to Reconcile Depositors’ Risk Aversion With Managers’ Risk Taking
Dadang Muljawan, Research Economist, Bank Indonesia
Humayon A. Dar, Lecturer, Department of Economics, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
Maximilian J.B. Hall, Professor, Department of Economics, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK

Abstract: "This paper combines modern banking theory and principal-agent analysis to develop a framework for an optimal capital structure for Islamic banks. The proposed capital regulation includes a minimum risk-based equity capital cushion [as required under the Basel Accord], a prudent assets-liabilities [capital] structure [i.e. appropriate proportions of PLS- and non-PLS-based assets and liabilities] and a minimum ‘financial participation’ requirement."

A Capital Adequacy Framework for Islamic Banks

A Note on Sukuk and their role in Islamic Finance

A Note on Sukuk and their role in Islamic Finance
Dr. Mohammad Nejatullah Siddiqi
LSE/HIFP Seminar
February 2008

"This note argues that distancing sukuk from debt is necessary to make them free of riba and elements of maysir (gambling). This can be done by making sukuk based on real assets to the exclusion of murabaha receivables. It also requires doing away with the commitment to redeeming sukuk at their original price on expiry of their term. These steps may save Islamic finance from contributing to the trend towards inequity and instability germane to conventional debt based financial system. Oil rich Muslim countries issuing sukuk should especially avoid financial products likely to further worsen the distribution of income and add to popular discontent."

A Note on Sukuk and their role in Islamic Finance

Islamic Finance - Luxembourg

New Arendt & Medernach publication on Islamic finance

Islamic finance has been one of the driving forces of the development of Luxembourg for a long time. Indeed, as early as in 1983, Luxembourg became the domicile of the first Shari'ah-compliant insurance company in Europe. The Luxembourg Stock Exchange played a leading role as the first European Stock exchange to enter the sukuk market in 2002. Luxembourg has a long experience in the Islamic finance field and there is a clear and strong willingness from market participants and authorities to further support the development of this activity.

Islamic Finance - Luxembourg

Review on Sukuk Researches: Where are We Now?

Review on Sukuk Researches: Where are We Now?
Dodik Siswantoro
Faculty of Economics
University of Indonesia

Abstract: "The development sukuk has been growing so fast for the last couple years since the first issuance in Malaysia in the early 1990s, known as Islamic Private Debt Securities (IPDS). However, in Indonesia, sukuk just issued in 2001 by PT Indosat Tbk, a telecommunication company based on mudharabah basis. Then, it followed by others which are dominantly in the form of ijarah (leasing) basis. But, the government Islamic bond or sukuk offered lately in 2008, this may be caused by unavailability of supporting regulations such as the difference of common and civil laws. This paper tries to identify some researches in sukuk. It identifies some approaches and methodologies in each research, such as qualitative and quantitative method, and then grouped into specific topics. However, researches are in qualitative and quantitative approaches in almost equal. Constraints found are due to lack of available data, existing unresolved discussions in conceptual background and unsystematic recording researches such as lack of refereed and regular journals."

Review on Sukuk Researches: Where are We Now?

Obstacles to Islamic Economics Research

Obstacles to Islamic Economics Research
Seventh International Conference on Islamic Economics,
Islamic Economics Research Center, KAAU
April 2008

"This paper emphasizes six factors as main obstacles to progress in research in Islamic Economics. They are: Lack of proper historical studies; Lack of relevant empirical studies; Lack of adequate institutional support; Non-observance of ethical norms relating to research and publications; Poor vision of Islamic society and economy that fails to distinguish between the essential and the peripheral, and, last but not the least; Failure to distinguish between the divine and the human in the Islamic heritage. In what follows we discuss each one of these, with the existing Islamic economics literature in mind. We then suggest possible ways of removing these obstacles to further progress in Islamic economics research. wa billah al-tawfiq"

Obstacles to Islamic Economics Research